Bond Law

General obligation bonds are a type of municipal government bond, which is government debt issued to raise money to finance public improvements. A general obligation bond is a municipal bond backed by the credit and "taxing power" of the issuing jurisdiction, rather than the revenue from a given project. No assets are used as collateral for the bond and the bond is not dependent on revenue of any particular project for repayment.

Bonds that are backed by the taxing power of a municipality are known as General Obligation or GO Bonds. The issuer raises taxes and sets the money aside to pay back principal and interest to the municipal bondholders. Taxes used for GO Bonds include: Property, Income, Sales and others.

This regulation governs the acceptance of bonds secured by Government obligations in lieu of bonds with sureties. Persons required by Federal law to give an agency a surety bond instead may provide a bond secured by Government obligations. This regulation replaces the Treasury Circular 154.

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No provision in this subchapter shall apply to, or be deemed to include, the United States, a State, or any political subdivision of a State, or any agency, authority, or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing, or any corporation which is wholly owned directly or indirectly by any one or more of the foregoing, or any officer, agent, or employee of any of the foregoing acting as such in the course of his official duty, unless such provision makes specific reference thereto.

Tax Exempt Bonds (TEB) provides specialized information and services to the municipal finance community, including tailored educational programs which focus on bond industry segments; pro-active education and outreach products which address non-compliance trends; and compliance programs devised to foster voluntary resolution of tax law infractions.

A municipal bond is a bond issued by a city or other local government, or their agencies. Potential issuers of municipal bonds include cities, counties, redevelopment agencies, school districts, publicly owned airports and seaports, and any other governmental entity (or group of governments) below the state level. Municipal bonds may be general obligations of the issuer or secured by specified revenues. Interest income received by holders of municipal bonds is often exempt from the federal income tax and from the income tax of the state in which they are issued, although municipal bonds issued for certain purposes may not be tax exempt.

The MSRB makes rules regulating dealers who deal in municipal bonds, municipal notes, and other municipal securities. This web site contains useful information for municipal securities investors, dealers and the general public.

Until the mid-1970s, the municipal bond market was essentially unregulated. The market was the private preserve of a narrow circle of underwriters and lawyers who specialized in the field and the commercial banks, insurance companies and wealthy individuals who invested in the bonds.

As directed by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the SEC is adopting rules that require conformance with specific sections of the Act. These rules require officers to certify that they are responsible for establishing, maintaining and regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the issuer's internal controls; that they have made certain disclosures to the issuer's auditors and the audit committee of the board of directors about the issuer's internal controls; and that they have included information in the issuer's quarterly and annual reports about their evaluation and whether there have been significant changes in the issuer's internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect internal controls subsequent to the evaluation.

Often referred to as the "truth in securities" law, the Securities Act of 1933 has two basic objectives: * require that investors receive financial and other significant information concerning securities being offered for public sale; and * prohibit deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud in the sale of securities.

With this Act, Congress created the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Act empowers the SEC with broad authority over all aspects of the securities industry. This includes the power to register, regulate, and oversee brokerage firms, transfer agents, and clearing agencies as well as the nation's securities self regulatory organizations (SROs). The various stock exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange, and American Stock Exchange are SROs. The National Association of Securities Dealers, which operates the NASDAQ system, is also an SRO.

These interpretations replace the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 interpretations in the July 1997 Manual of Publicly Available Telephone Interpretations and the March 1999 Supplement to the Manual of Publicly Available Telephone Interpretations and the November 2000 Current Issues and Rulemaking Projects Outline. Some of the interpretations included herein were originally included in the Manual of Publicly Available Telephone Interpretations (as supplemented), and have been revised in some cases. The bracketed date following each interpretation is the latest date of publication or revision.

Authorizing the acceptance of corporate surety companies on bonds given to the United States.

The Economic Development Administration (EDA) was established under the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. § 3121), as amended, to generate jobs, help retain existing jobs, and stimulate industrial and commercial growth in economically distressed areas of the United States. EDA assistance is available to rural and urban areas of the Nation experiencing high unemployment, low income, or other severe economic distress.

The Treasury Department is the executive agency responsible for promoting economic prosperity and ensuring the financial security of the United States. The Department is responsible for a wide range of activities such as advising the President on economic and financial issues, encouraging sustainable economic growth, and fostering improved governance in financial institutions. The Department of the Treasury operates and maintains systems that are critical to the nation's financial infrastructure, such as the production of coin and currency, the disbursement of payments to the American public, revenue collection, and the borrowing of funds necessary to run the federal government.

The currently healthy European bond market and an increase, particularly in the issuance of corporate bonds, have caused investors and issuers to make greater profit. The secondary bond market's high level of liquidity has also contributed to profits made and, at present, primary and secondary bond markets are merging at an increasing rate. Due to the recent financial unification in Europe, the market for sovereign and private sector bonds are being regarded as one entity.

Since 1999 the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs has produced monthly and quarterly reports on the euro-denominated bond markets. They provide the Commission Services and the interested public with regular insights on the progress of the development of an integrated bond market for Europe.

The European Covered Bond Council (ECBC) is a platform for covered bond market participants which brings together covered bond issuers, analysts, investment bankers, rating agencies and a wide range of interested market participants. It is the voice of the European covered bond industry.

These Regulations may be cited as the Regulated Covered Bonds Regulations 2008 and come into force on 6th March 2008.

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These rules are intended to ensure market transparency and monitoring of trading in international bonds.

The Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA) is an initiative by economists of the RePEc network from different countries and runs under the responsibility of the Munich University Library Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 D-80539 Munich Germany

Ambac Financial Group, Inc. is a holding company whose affiliates provide financial guarantees and financial services to clients in both the public and private sectors around the world. Ambac's principal operating subsidiary, Ambac Assurance Corporation, a guarantor of public finance and structured finance obligations. The Ambac Assurance financial guarantee is an unconditional and irrevocable pledge that investors will receive principal and interest payments in full and on time should the issuer of an Ambac-insured security default. Our valuable financial guarantee reduces financing costs for issuers, facilitates the structuring and distribution of securities by investment bankers and improves liquidity for investors.

The Electronic Municipal Market Access (EMMA) website was established to increase the broad comprehensive access to vital disclosure and transparency information in the municipal securities market. EMMA provides investors with key information about municipal securities, free of charge. The information on EMMA is presented in a manner specifically tailored for retail, non-professional investors who may not be experts in financial or investing matters.

The objective of The European Securities Services Forum (ESSF) is a single integrated post trading system for securities transactions in Europe achieved through harmonisation, standardisation, and consolidation as well as through supporting and enabling regulation. ESSF acts as an agent of change, providing solutions in the clearing, settlement, and custody space to reduce costs and risks of market participants. It represents the views and positions of its members toward public-sector authorities and central banks at both European and national levels. On issues of common interest it cooperates with SIFMA Operations Committees in the US and in Asia.

Geared toward many types of investors--from beginners to experienced equity investors who are new to bonds to sophisticated bond investors--Investinginbonds.com is a unique source of bond price information and includes a wide variety of market data, news, commentary and information about bonds. The site has been ranked as a top investor site for bonds by Money, CNBC, Forbes and others and is continually enhanced and updated with new data, information and features.

Premier site for municipal bond investors.

The National Association of Bond Lawyers was incorporated as an Illinois non-profit corporation on February 5, 1979, for the purposes of educating its members and others in the law relating to state and municipal bonds and other obligations, providing a forum for the exchange of ideas as to law and practice, improving the state of the art in the field, providing advice and comment at the federal, state and local levels with respect to legislation, regulations, rulings and other action, or proposals therefore, affecting state and municipal obligations, and providing advice and comment with regard to state and municipal obligations in proceedings before courts and administrative bodies through briefs and memoranda as a friend of the court or agency.

SIFMA is a 501(c)(6) organization that represents the shared interests of participants in the global financial markets. SIFMA members include international securities firms, US-registered broker-dealers and asset managers. Member participation is the very core of who we are and the key to our effectiveness.

The mission of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation. As more and more first-time investors turn to the markets to help secure their futures, pay for homes, and send children to college, our investor protection mission is more compelling than ever. As our nation's securities exchanges mature into global for-profit competitors, there is even greater need for sound market regulation.

D2D Fund seeks to expand access to financial services, especially asset building opportunities, for low-income families by creating, testing and deploying innovative financial products and services. D2D works with the financial services industry, national non-profit groups, grassroots community agencies, and public policy organizations to generate promising ideas, pilot test systems and programs, build awareness of the needs and potential of low-income communities, and advocate progressive social and economic policy.

NYSE Euronext, the holding company created by the combination of NYSE Group, Inc. and Euronext N.V., was launched on April 4, 2007. NYSE Euronext (NYSE/New York and Euronext/Paris: NYX) operates the world ' s largest and most liquid exchange group and offers the most diverse array of financial products and services. NYSE Euronext, which brings together six cash equities exchanges in seven countries and eight derivatives exchanges, is a world leader for listings, trading in cash equities, equity and interest rate derivatives, bonds and the distribution of market data.

The Oxford Review of Economic Policy is a refereed journal which is published quarterly. Each issue concentrates on a current theme in economic policy, with a balance between macro- and microeconomics, and comprises an assessment and a number of articles. It gives a valuable appraisal of economic policies worldwide. While the analysis is challenging and at the forefront of current thinking, articles are presented in non-technical language to make them readily accessible to all readers. The Oxford Review is aimed at a wide audience including government, business and policy-makers, as well as academics and students.

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