Commercial Law
What is Commercial Law?
Commercial law provides the rules that merchants and others involved in commerce must follow as they conduct business amongst themselves and with consumers. It governs the sales of goods and services, negotiable instruments, security interests, leases, principal and agent relationships, contracts of carriage, and much more. In a broad sense, commercial law also encompasses related issues like business bankruptcy and tax planning.
Because various legal issues may be included or excluded from the subject of commercial law depending upon how expansively it is defined, it may be more helpful to consider the matter in terms of timing. Commercial law covers legal issues that arise prior to the initiation of a lawsuit. By contrast, once a lawsuit is filed, the same issues are more properly characterized as litigation. Thus, commercial law attorneys help their clients negotiate and enter into business deals. Litigation attorneys help their clients defend their interests in court when deals go bad.
Elements of a Contract
The ability to form contracts represents the foundation of modern commercial law. Without contracts, sellers and buyers would be unable to enter into transactions, as they would have no guarantee that the other side will honor its half of the bargain. That is not to say that contracts are based on the goodwill or trustworthiness of parties in the marketplace. Rather, contracts are based on a system of rules for forming agreements that, if followed, allows parties to rest assured that the terms of their agreements will be enforced by the legal system if necessary.
Contracts are formed when the following three elements are present: an offer, an acceptance, and consideration. For an offer to be valid, specific rules must be followed. The offer must be made to an identified party, and it must set forth definite and certain terms. The offer must also demonstrate a present intent to enter into an agreement. Similarly, the other party must properly accept the offer in order for a contract to be formed. In most situations, a valid acceptance must mirror the offer. A purported acceptance that adds new terms to the deal will not count. Instead, it will be treated only as a counteroffer.
The final element required to form a contract is known as consideration. Consideration refers to a bargained-for exchange. It means that the person who promises to do something must receive a benefit in return. Otherwise, the promise is merely gratuitous, and there is no contract. For example, if the owner of a lawnmower promises to lend it to a neighbor, no contract exists and the owner can later refuse. But if the neighbor pays the owner $10 in consideration for the right to borrow the lawnmower, a contract has been formed and the owner must honor it.
The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
Because commercial law is primarily found in state statutes, there is a potential for states to enact conflicting rules, thereby disrupting the flow of interstate commerce. The UCC was created to remedy this situation. It was drafted by a non-governmental body to provide a standardized set of statutes dealing with commercial law, which each state is free to adopt if it chooses. All states have now adopted some form of the UCC.
Not all commercial transactions are governed by the UCC, however. It applies to the sale of “goods.” This includes just about any movable object, but it does not include services or real estate. The UCC also provides special rules for those who regularly deal in the type of goods at issue, as opposed to non-merchants who only buy or sell them occasionally. Another unique aspect of the UCC is known as the “perfect tender rule.” General commercial law principles only require parties to substantially perform their contractual duties to avoid breach. Under the UCC, a contract will be breached if the goods (or their delivery) fail to conform to the agreement in any way.
Third Party Contract Issues
In today’s complex marketplace it is not unusual for a contract to affect the rights of a third party – that is, someone other than the parties who created the contract. This can create a number of legal issues. Consider the example of a bank who lends money to a borrower. After making the loan, the bank sells its right to collect the loan to another company. Is the borrower obligated to pay the company, even though the borrower never contracted with them directly? And if the borrower fails to pay, can the company turn around and sue the bank for breach of contract? Commercial law provides answers to these and other such questions involving third parties.
Contact a Commercial Law Attorney
If you are struggling with a commercial law issue, there is no reason to handle the matter on your own. An experienced attorney can explain how the law applies to your situation and suggest a course of action designed to protect your legal rights. Schedule a consultation today.
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Articles About Commercial Law
- Key Takeaways from CBP’s First Final Determination of Evasion under EAPAOn August 14, 2017, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) issued its first notification of final determination of antidumping duties (“ADD”) evasion pursuant to the Enforce and Protect Act (“EAPA”).
- U.S. Economic Sanctions: A 3/4-Year ReviewAside from one last mid-January initiative by the Obama Administration to begin rolling back sanctions targeting Sudan, the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC") was quiet at the start of 2017 and during the first 100 days of the transition.
- 3D Printing Technology: Impact on Intellectual Property ProtectionAs each decade passes, new technologies are brought to the marketplace and change our way of life. Over the past decade or so, we have seen the widespread adoption of the iPhone® and other smartphones, social networking via Facebook® and Twitter®, and the iPad® and other tablets. New legal issues regarding ownership of consumer content and privacy of consumers are being tackled every day.
- Uncertainties Associated with Series LLCsSome states permit businesses to have numerous company organizations built and managed under one entity called a series LLC. This limited liability company may alter how business interactions and transactions work, and it may permit a wider range of liability coverage for the owners without the need to create corporations or expand the LLC into something larger.
- Professional Sports Leagues and TrademarksTrademarks are intellectual property that protect the symbol, name, phrase or graphical depiction of a company. Professional sports teams have these brands created, and then they become trademarked for protection and profit with physical products and merchandise and online intangible items.
- Is the U.S. - Korea Trade Deal Headed for Trouble?On June 30, 2007, the United States signed a historic free trade agreement with South Korea.[1] The Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement (“KORUS”), like most FTAs in which the U.S. is engaged, eliminates “tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade in goods and services” between the two countries in an effort to enhance trade and promote economic growth.[2]
- Late EEI Filing: Is It Too Late To Mitigate?In 2009, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) published guidelines that govern the enforcement and mitigation of civil penalties for companies and other entities that fail to comply with the Foreign Trade Regulations (“FTR”) in 15 C.F.R. § 30.[1]
- Outsourcing Innovation and Ideas: Legal Considerations for Crowdsourcing and FreelancingCommerce that involves knowledge is rapidly growing, along with new models for businesses that are emerging as thought leaders in their fields. New vocabulary describing these knowledge workers and thought leaders, and new models of knowledge acquisition for business use are becoming more common.
- Should You Register Your Trademarks? Benefits Registered Trademark Owners Receive When Protecting Their BrandsA trademark is a word, symbol, phrase—or almost anything—that represents your company to potential customers. It may be the first thing that a potential customer or client sees when they interact with your business and will likely be the go-to thing that a potential customer or client thinks about when they think of your business. This means that trademark protection is essential for the long-term health of a business.
- Notices to Patients When a Physician Leaves a Group PracticeWhen a physician leaves a group practice, the physician has a duty and a right to notify his or her patients. BUT, the practice has a right to protect its patient list and other confidential data. The physician’s duty not to abandon patients will conflict with the practice’s right to protect its patient list. Whose right wins? Let’s talk about the duty first.
- All Business and Industry Law Related Articles
Commercial Law - US
- Bureau of Economic Analysis
BEA is an agency of the Department of Commerce. Along with the Census Bureau and STAT-USA, BEA is part of the Department's Economics and Statistics Administration. BEA produces economic accounts statistics that enable government and business decision-makers, researchers, and the American public to follow and understand the performance of the Nation's economy. To do this, BEA collects source data, conducts research and analysis, develops and implements estimation methodologies, and disseminates statistics to the public.
- Commercial Law - Definition
Commercial law (sometimes known as business law) is the body of law which governs business and commerce. It is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals both with issues of private law and public law. Commercial law regulates corporate contracts, hiring practices, and the manufacture and sales of consumer goods.
- US Commercial Service
The U.S. Commercial Service is the trade promotion arm of the U.S. Department of Commerce’s International Trade Administration. U.S. Commercial Service trade professionals in over 100 U.S. cities and in nearly 80 countries help U.S. companies get started in exporting or increase sales to new global markets.
- US Department of Commerce
The U.S. Department of Commerce has a broad mandate to advance economic growth and jobs and opportunities for the American people. It has cross cutting responsibilities in the areas of trade, technology, entrepreneurship, economic development, environmental stewardship and statistical research and analysis. The products and services the department provides touch the lives of Americans and American companies in many ways, including weather forecasts, the decennial census, and patent and trademark protection for inventors and businesses. The development of commerce to provide new opportunities was the central goal at the department's beginning in 1903 and it remains a primary obligation today.
Commercial Law - International
- Commercial Law International
The goals of this site will be to inform; give opinions; at times be controversial; and to provoke insightful discussions about the latest, most interesting and sometimes stranger developments that affect the commercial world. In other words, our aim is to expand commercial awareness – that is the economic, social, political and legal dynamics – of well known and not so well know regions of the world.
- European Judicial Network in Civil and Commercial Matters
Information about the Member States, Community law, European law and various aspects of civil and commercial law.
- International Trade Administration (ITA)
The International Trade Administration (ITA) strengthens the competitiveness of U.S. industry, promotes trade and investment, and ensures fair trade through the rigorous enforcement of our trade laws and agreements. ITA works to improve the global business environment and helps U.S. organization compete at home and abroad. ITA supports President Obama’s recovery agenda and the National Export Initiative to sustain economic growth and support American jobs.
- Pace Institute of International Commercial Law (IICL)
Founded in 1991, the Pace Institute of International Commercial Law has played an instrumental role in the evolution of teaching and scholarship in the fields of international commercial law and international arbitration, by creating the award-winning CISG Database and founding the Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot.
Organizations For Commercial Law
- Better Business Bureau
BBB’s mission is to be the leader in advancing marketplace trust. BBB accomplishes this mission by: * Creating a community of trustworthy businesses * Setting standards for marketplace trust * Encouraging and supporting best practices * Celebrating marketplace role models, and; * Denouncing substandard marketplace behavior
- Commercial Law Development Program
The Commercial Law Development Program (CLDP), a program of the U.S. Department of Commerce Office of the General Counsel, is uniquely tasked with providing technical assistance in the commercial law arena to the governments and private sectors of transitional countries in support of their economic development goals.
- Commercial Law League of America
The Commercial Law League of America ("CLLA") is a respected organization of attorneys and other experts in credit and finance actively engaged in the field of commercial law, bankruptcy and insolvency. Since 1895, The CLLA has been associated with the representation of creditor interests, while at the same time seeking fair, equitable and efficient administration of bankruptcy cases for all parties in interest.
Publications For Commercial Law
- ABA - Commercial Law Newsletter
The UCC Committee is continually striving to provide its members on a timely basis with important information about developments in commercial law and commercial practice.
- Electronic Library on International Commerce Law
Pace Law School database on the CISG and International Commercial Law. The CISG is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, the uniform international sales law of countries that account for two-thirds of all world trade.
- Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology
The Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology ( JICLT) is a peer-reviewed free open-access scholarly journal dedicated to furthering the understanding of international commercial law and technology. It is published by the International Association of IT Lawyers (IAITL) . The journal is a quarterly publication in online formats. By publishing on-line, a scholar’s research is made available more quickly and is available to those who do not have access to a well stocked research library.
